Assimilation (cultural) The sociocultural process in which the sense and consciousness of association with one national and cultural group changes to identification with another such group, so that the merged individual or group may partially or totally lose its original national identity. BTSociology RTIdentity, Jewish RTMixed marriage
Austro-Hungary Multi-national empire in Central Europe under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty from 1273 until 1918; from 1867 known as Austro-Hungary. Its nucleus was Austria and it included at different times countries with considerable Jewish populations (Bohemia and Moravia, and Hungary from 1526), parts of Italy between 1713 and 1866. With the annexation of Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (1775) it became the state with the largest Jewish population in Europe. BTEurope, Central RTAustria RTCzechia RTHungary RTNineteenth century RTTwentieth century
Bessarabia (region) Region between the rivers Prut and Dniester; before 1812 part of Moldavia, with several districts under direct Ottoman rule; within Russia 1812–1918; part of Rumania 1918–40; returned to Russia 1940, within Moldova from 1991. BTEurope, Eastern BTEurope, Southern RTMoldova RTOttoman Empire RTUkraine
Caesar Augustus The first Roman emperor, 63 BCE-14 CE, reigned 27 BCE-14 CE BTBiographies RTAncient period RTRoman Empire UF Augustus Octavianus UF Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus UF Gaius Octavius UF Octavian
Cosmetics Substances or techniques intended to be applied to the human body for beautifying or promoting attractiveness without affecting the body's structure or functions. BTProducts and services RTHuman body UF Body piercing UF Piercing, body UF Tattooing
Crypto-Jews Sephardic Jews who were forced to convert to Christianity during the period of persecution of Jews in Spain and Portugal (XIV-XV centuiries), and who secretly maintained a Jewish life. BTSephardim RTConversion RTPersecution of Jews RTPortugal RTRenaissance RTSpain UF Anusim UF Conversos UF Marranos
Death marches The marches of usually prisoners which that had to (on the expectations of their organizers) to kill more or even all of the marchers. Such marches were organized by Nazists in the course of the Holocaust as well as by the Japaneeses in Asia during the Second World War. BTHolocaust BTWorld War, 1939-1945
Death notices Use for works on announcements of death. For short biographical sketches, especially in newspapers, published upon a person's death, see: Obituaries. For works on registers of deaths in ecclesiastical or other organizations or registers of anniversary days when services are performed for the dead see: Necrologies. BTPrimary documents RTDeaths RTObituaries UF Notices, death
Einsatzgruppen Military SS groups formed in Nazi Germany for the elimination of all sources of resistance to German domination which were radicalized by racial principles and killed without any judicial review almost exclusively civilians (first of all, Jews and Polish intelligentsia). BTMilitary forces RTCrimes against humanity RTGermany RTHolocaust RTWorld War, 1939-1945
Euthanasia The act or practice of killing or allowing death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. BTHealth care RTBioethics RTDeaths RTSocial problems RTSuicides UF Killing, mercy UF Mercy killing UF Physician-assisted suicides UF Suicides, physician-assisted
Fifteenth of Av Festival in the time of the Second Temple, when young women of Jerusalem would go dancing in the vineyards, and young men would chose their brides from among the dancers. BTHolidays and festivals UF Tu be-Av
Francophones Persons speaking French as the main language as well as countries with French as the main language. BTPopulation groups RTFrench language UF French-language community
Ghetto, Jewish Urban section serving as compulsory residential quarter for Jews. Probably first used to describe a quarter of Venice situated near a foundry (getto, or ghetto) and which in 1516 was enclosed by walls and gates and declared to be the only part of the city to be open to Jewish settlement. BTDiaspora BTPersecution of Jews NTGhettos (Holocaust) RTCommunities, Jewish RTHistory, Jewish UF Jewish ghetto
Hanukkah lamp Eight branched candelabra, used during the eight days of the Hanukkah festival. BTRitual artifacts RTHanukkah RTMenorah UF Channukiah UF Chanukkiah UF Hanukkiah UF Lamp, Hanukkah
Heders Jewish school for young children, for learning basics of Judaism and Torah study, first mentioned in manuscripts from the 13th century. BTEducation, Jewish BTEducational institutions UF Cheders
